Factories

ToTheWorkers?

1.

About the exhibition

2.

The introduction of workers’ self-management

3.

Workers’ self-management in the economy

4.

Self-management and society

5.

Rebellions within the system: strikes and protests

6.

Women in the self-management system

7.

Voices of self-managers

8.

Self-management and the world

1.

About the exhibition

2.

The introduction of workers’ self-management

3.

Workers’ self-management in the economy

4.

Self-management and society

5.

Rebellions within the system: strikes and protests

6.

Women in the self-management system

7.

Voices of self-managers

8.

Self-management and the world

1.

About the exhibition

2.

The introduction of workers’ self-management

3.

Workers’ self-management in the economy

4.

Self-management and society

5.

Rebellions within the system: strikes and protests

6.

Women in the self-management system

7.

Voices of self-managers

8.

Self-management and the world

Nastavi

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Samoupravljanje u širem društvu

Self-management and society

Samoupravljanje u širem društvu

Self-management and society

Samoupravljanje u širem društvu

Self-management and society

Stvaranje radničkih saveta u privredi postalo je kamen-temeljac strukture koja se stalno menjala i razvijala, a koju je vladajuća partija nazivala „socijalističkom demokratijom“. Tako je radničko samoupravljanje u privredi postepeno prerastalo u opšte, društveno samoupravljanje. Proklamovani cilj jugoslovenskog rukovodstva bilo je postepeno odumiranje države, čime bi se društvo pretvorilo u samoupravnu zajednicu slobodnih proizvođača.

Državne institucije prošle su kroz proces vrtoglavih promena počev od 1952. godine. One nisu zaobišle ni vladajuću Komunističku partiju Jugoslavije, koja je simbolično promenila naziv u Savez komunista Jugoslavije (SKJ), kao ni njene podređene masovne organizacije – pre svega njenu krovnu organizaciju, Narodni front Jugoslavije, koji je 1953. godine preimenovan u Socijalistički savez radnog naroda Jugoslavije (SSRNJ). Uz to, došlo je i do značajnih promena u nadležnostima državnih institucija – najpre sa ustavnim zakonom 1953, potom sa novim ustavima 1963. i 1974, te sa „mini-ustavom“ u vidu donošenja Zakona o udruženom radu 1976. godine. Ove institucionalne promene postale su sastavni deo zakonske i ideološke infrastrukture titoističkog režima, koji je promovisao samoupravljanje kao ključnu legitimacijsku formulu, iako je zadržao strogu političku kontrolu nad sistemom.

Umesto modela po kome država ubire porez i tako finansira društvene usluge poput obrazovanja, zdravstvene zaštite i socijalnog osiguranja, zamisao je bila da se usluge u samoupravnom sistemu finansiraju putem direktnog sporazuma između „osnovnih organizacija udruženog rada“ – preduzeća ili delova preduzeća – i ustanova socijalnih službi koje bi obezbeđivale osnovne društvene potrebe. Sveukupno uzev, tela organizovana po principu samoupravljanja nominalno su počela da transformišu političku i državnu vlast, usled čega je Jugoslavija u periodu Hladnog rata delovala kao zaseban sociopolitički entitet u odnosu i na Istok i na Zapad. No, samoupravni sistem je, naročito nakon Ustava iz 1974. godine, ustanovio kompleksnu strukturu decentralizacije i sukoba između republika koja je, posle konačnog pada titoističkog režima, zvanično utkana u kolektivno pamćenje kao nepremostiva prepreka tehnokratiji, racionalizmu i tržišnom razvoju. A takvo odstupanje od putanje razvoja koju je evroatlantski model integracije zacrtao sadašnjim kapitalističkim nacijama pak nije poželjno.

Dokumentima u ovom delu izložbe pokušavamo da obuhvatimo deo dinamike koja je karakterisala ovaj nesumnjivo složen proces eksperimentisanja i promena. Iako se akademska zajednica slaže da je sistem i dalje zadržao hijerarhijsku strukturu moći, njegov konkretan oblik i način funkcionisanja i dalje su neuhvatljivi i predmet su sporova. Rasprave se posebno odnose na stvaran stepen (de)centralizacije na različitim nivoima savezne vlasti. Figura Josipa Broza Tita i uloga SKJ ostaju u središtu ovih rasprava.

Ovde prilažemo jedan posebno zanimljiv dokument, u kome je zabeleženo kako Tito prima predstavnike svoje izborne jedinice na duži razgovor krajem 1960. godine; zapisnik prijema osvetljava Titov stil vladavine i njegovu ulogu u društvu. Sledeća tri dokumenta daju primere promenjene svrhe opštinske vlasti i masovnih organizacija u organima samoupravljanja, onako kako je to izraženo u materijalima Saveza sindikata Jugoslavije i SSRNJ iz sedamdesetih godina. Svi ovi dokumenti su iz fonda Kabineta predsednika Republike.

Finalno, prilažemo i dokument iz fonda Saveza ženskih društava Jugoslavije koji se bavi ulogom žena u društvenom samoupravljanju tokom pedesetih godina. Istraživači i istraživačice koji budu proučavali ovu i sličnu arhivsku građu mogu neposredno da ispitaju odnos centralizacije i decentralizacije, te zvaničnih institucija i življene društvene prakse. Potonja je često obeležena inicijativom, pregovaranjem i sukobima „odozdo“ koje zvanični titoistički i dominantni posttitoistički, neoliberalni narativi imaju tendenciju da zanemaruju i(li) brišu.

The creation of workers’ councils in industry became the cornerstone of an evolving superstructure of what the ruling party termed “socialist democracy”. Thus, workers’ self-management was progressively extended to social self-management in a declared bid to make the state wither away and to ensure society became the self-governing association of free producers.

The ruling institutions in the country underwent a dizzying process of change from 1952 onwards. That included the ruling party, which symbolically renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY), and its subordinated mass organisations, principally the umbrella mass organisation, the Popular Front, which was renamed the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY) in 1953. State institutions and their responsibilities concomitantly underwent significant alteration with a constitutional law in 1953, new constitutions in 1963 and 1974, and a “mini-constitution” with the adoption of the Law on Associated Labour in 1976. These institutional changes formed the legal and ideological infrastructure of the Titoist regime, which promoted self-management as a central legitimating principle even as it maintained strict political control.

Social services like education, healthcare and social security, instead of being financed by the state through taxes, were to be financed by negotiated agreements between “basic organisations of associated labour” – enterprises or parts of enterprises – and the social service institutions delivering basic welfare provision. Overall, bodies organised according to the principle of self-management nominally began to transform political and state power, making Yugoslavia appear socio-politically distinctive from East and West during the period of the Cold War. The self-management system, especially after the introduction of the 1974 constitution, however, entrenched a complex system of decentralisation and inter-republic conflicts that, after the eventual collapse of the Titoist regime, was widely memorialised as a cumbersome obstacle to technocracy, rationalism, and market progress – an idiosyncrasy incompatible with the demands of modern capitalist nation-states defined by integration into Euro-Atlantic institutions.

The documents in this part of the exhibition attempt to capture some of the dynamics involved in this undoubtedly complex process of experimentation and change. While academics will agree that the system still retained a hierarchical power structure, its precise shape and functioning unsurprisingly remain elusive and a matter of dispute. Debates pertain particularly to the degree of centralisation and decentralisation at different levels of federal government. The figure of Josip Broz Tito and the role of the LCY remain central to these discussions. We reproduce here a noteworthy document in which Tito received representatives of his electoral district for a lengthy discussion at the end of 1960, elucidating Tito’s style of rule and his role in society. The following collection of three documents gives examples of the changing purpose of municipal power and of the mass organisations in the organs of self-management as expressed in the materials of the Federation of Trade Unions and of the SAWPY in the 1970s. The above-mentioned documents all come from the fond of the Cabinet of the President of the Republic. Finally, we also reproduce a document from the fond of the Union of Women’s Societies of Yugoslavia, discussing the role of women in social self-management in the 1950s. By engaging directly with these archival materials, researchers can interrogate the balance of centralisation and decentralisation, and the interplay between formal institutions and lived social practices, marked by agency, negotiation and conflict, often from below, which official Titoist and dominant post-Titoist, neoliberal narratives alike have tended to downplay and erase.

Dokumenti

Documents

Dokumenti

Documents

Dokumenti

Documents

Bez naslova, Prijem delegacije opštine Čukarica, Beograd, 30. 12. 1960. (24 str.)

Untitled, Reception of the Delegation from the Municipality of Čukarica, Belgrade, 30 December 1960 (24 p.)

Bez naslova, Prijem delegacije opštine Čukarica, Beograd, 30. 12. 1960. (24 str.)

Untitled, Reception of the Delegation from the Municipality of Čukarica, Belgrade, 30 December 1960 (24 p.)

Bez naslova, Prijem delegacije opštine Čukarica, Beograd, 30. 12. 1960. (24 str.)

Untitled, Reception of the Delegation from the Municipality of Čukarica, Belgrade, 30 December 1960 (24 p.)

„Informacija o ’zeničkom radničkom ustavu’ i pojavama novih oblika solidarnosti radnih ljudi“, 28. oktobar 1968. g. (5 str.)

“Information on the ‘Zenica Workers’ Constitution’ and the emergence of new forms of solidarity among working people”, 28 October 1968 (5 p.)

„Informacija o ’zeničkom radničkom ustavu’ i pojavama novih oblika solidarnosti radnih ljudi“, 28. oktobar 1968. g. (5 str.)

“Information on the ‘Zenica Workers’ Constitution’ and the emergence of new forms of solidarity among working people”, 28 October 1968 (5 p.)

„Informacija o ’zeničkom radničkom ustavu’ i pojavama novih oblika solidarnosti radnih ljudi“, 28. oktobar 1968. g. (5 str.)

“Information on the ‘Zenica Workers’ Constitution’ and the emergence of new forms of solidarity among working people”, 28 October 1968 (5 p.)

Bez naslova, Informacija sa sednice Predsedništva Veća Saveza sindikata Jugoslavije održane 9. IX 1970 na kojoj su razmatrana društveno ekonomska kretanja u celini a posebno sa stanovišta materijalnog i samoupravnog položaja radnika (5 str.)

Untitled, Information from the session of the Presidium of the Council of the Federation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia held on 9 September 1970, which discussed socio-economic developments in general, particularly from the perspective of the material and self-management position of workers (5 p.)

Bez naslova, Informacija sa sednice Predsedništva Veća Saveza sindikata Jugoslavije održane 9. IX 1970 na kojoj su razmatrana društveno ekonomska kretanja u celini a posebno sa stanovišta materijalnog i samoupravnog položaja radnika (5 str.)

Untitled, Information from the session of the Presidium of the Council of the Federation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia held on 9 September 1970, which discussed socio-economic developments in general, particularly from the perspective of the material and self-management position of workers (5 p.)

Bez naslova, Informacija sa sednice Predsedništva Veća Saveza sindikata Jugoslavije održane 9. IX 1970 na kojoj su razmatrana društveno ekonomska kretanja u celini a posebno sa stanovišta materijalnog i samoupravnog položaja radnika (5 str.)

Untitled, Information from the session of the Presidium of the Council of the Federation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia held on 9 September 1970, which discussed socio-economic developments in general, particularly from the perspective of the material and self-management position of workers (5 p.)

„Informacija sa sednice Savezne konfencije SSRNJ, održane 14. maja 1976.“ (7 str.)

“Information from the session of the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, held on 14 May 1976” (7 p.)

„Informacija sa sednice Savezne konfencije SSRNJ, održane 14. maja 1976.“ (7 str.)

“Information from the session of the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, held on 14 May 1976” (7 p.)

„Informacija sa sednice Savezne konfencije SSRNJ, održane 14. maja 1976.“ (7 str.)

“Information from the session of the Federal Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, held on 14 May 1976” (7 p.)

„Učešće žena u društvenom upravljanju“, 1956. g. (2 str.)

“The participation of women in social management” (2 p.)

„Učešće žena u društvenom upravljanju“, 1956. g. (2 str.)

“The participation of women in social management” (2 p.)

„Učešće žena u društvenom upravljanju“, 1956. g. (2 str.)

“The participation of women in social management” (2 p.)

Štampa

Press

Štampa

Press

Štampa

Press

“Critique and decision-making”, Politika, 5 February 1959

“Critique and decision-making”, Politika, 5 February 1959

“Critique and decision-making”, Politika, 5 February 1959

“The forgotten factor”, Komunist, 15 September 1960

“The forgotten factor”, Komunist, 15 September 1960

“The forgotten factor”, Komunist, 15 September 1960

“Young [self-]managers”, Komunist, 3 November 1960

“Young [self-]managers”, Komunist, 3 November 1960

“Young [self-]managers”, Komunist, 3 November 1960

“Self-management in cooperatives”, Komunist, 17 November 1960

“Self-management in cooperatives”, Komunist, 17 November 1960

“Self-management in cooperatives”, Komunist, 17 November 1960

“The commune awoke; however...”, Mladost, 11 January 1961

“The commune awoke; however...”, Mladost, 11 January 1961

“The commune awoke; however...”, Mladost, 11 January 1961

Literatura

Literature

Literatura

Literature

Literatura

Literature

Archer, Rory, Igor Duda, and Paul Stubbs, eds. Social inequalities and discontent in Yugoslav socialism. London: Routledge, 2016.

Duda, Igor. Socijalizam na kućnom pragu. Mjesna zajednica i svakodnevica društvenog samoupravljanja u Jugoslaviji. Srednja Europa, 2023.

Hofman, Ana. “Music labor, class, and socialist entrepreneurship: Yugoslav self-management revisited.” In Made in Yugoslavia, pp. 206–217. Routledge, 2020.

Kirn, Gal. Partisan Ruptures. Self-Management, Market Reform and the Spectre of Socialist. Pluto, 2019.

Kuljić, Todor. Tito: sociološko-istorijska studija. Gradska narodna biblioteka „Žarko Zrenjanin“, 2005.

Jović, Dejan. Jugoslavija – država koja je odumrla. Prometej/Samizdat B92, 2003.

Jović, Dejan. Uvod u Jugoslaviju. Biblioteka: Arhipelag, 2023.

Lazić, Mladen. U susret zatvorenom društvu?: klasna reprodukcija u socijalizmu. Naprijed, 1987.

Le Normand, Brigitte. Designing Tito’s capital: Urban planning, modernism, and socialism in Belgrade. Vol. 13. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014.

Mujadžević, Dino. Bakarić. Politička biografija. Plejada, 2011.

Robertson, James. “Small Socialism: The Scales of Self-Management Culture in Postwar Yugoslavia.” Slavic Review 80, no. 3 (2021): 563–584.

Županov, Josip. Sociologija i samoupravljanje. Školska knjiga, 1977.