1.
About the exhibition
2.
The introduction of workers’ self-management
3.
Workers’ self-management in the economy
4.
Self-management and society
5.
Rebellions within the system: strikes and protests
6.
Women in the self-management system
7.
Voices of self-managers
8.
Self-management and the world
O izložbi
About the exhibition
This exhibition marks the 75th anniversary of a defining development in the history of Yugoslavia: the official introduction of workers’ self-management, established by the Basic Law on the Transfer of State Enterprises to Labour Collectives, passed on 27 June 1950.
Emerging in the aftermath of the 1948 Tito–Stalin split, self-management became one of the central ideological pillars of the Second Yugoslavia. Alongside its federal structure and non-aligned foreign policy, this system was positioned as a break with prevailing political and economic models in the Cold War. It was held up as a new form of workplace democracy – belonging neither to the market-capitalist West nor bureaucratic-statist East – purportedly placing ownership and decision-making in the hands of workers. According to Milovan Djilas, an influential insider later turned critic, this symbolic framing helped convince Josip Broz Tito of its historic significance: “Factories belonging to the workers – something that has never been achieved!”
From the outset, self-management was more than an internal reform: it was a vehicle for international distinction and domestic legitimacy. While officially rejecting any claim to export its model, emphasizing instead that each country should be able to choose its own path, Yugoslavia drew considerable attention from individuals, movements and countries seeking a “third way” during the Cold War, including from across the Global South. The system’s promotion of participation and decentralisation served not only to differentiate the Yugoslav order, but also to project a flexible and adaptive image abroad, allowing the country’s leadership to tilt East or West as deemed necessary.
However, this narrative – shaped and sustained by the institutions of the ruling Communist Party and its state apparatus – stood in tension with everyday experiences. Beneath the rhetoric of empowerment lay structural contradictions, emerging early after the system’s implementation. Strikes such as the one in Trbovlje in 1958, and the student protests of 1968, dramatically revealed the gap between promised agency and lived reality. In response, the leadership introduced institutional reforms such as the 1974 Constitution and the 1976 Law on Associated Labor, in part seeking to renew legitimacy from below while reinforcing control from above. These changes marked both the formal height of the self-management framework and the onset of its prolonged unravelling.
Following several decades of fast, but uneven development, Yugoslavia faced mounting internal crises, culminating in the violent dissolution of the country in the 1990s and the systematic dismantling of the self-management system. The post-Yugoslav regimes that emerged across the region implemented widespread privatisation, accompanied by the rewriting of official histories. Once valorised as an emancipatory achievement, self-management was retroactively redefined as inefficient, illusory, or a major cause in the collapse of the state.
These transformations were not only political and economic but also cultural. During the Titoist era, official narratives mythologised self-management as a defining national achievement and a non-negotiable tenet of the constitutional order. In post-Titoist historical narratives and memory regimes, self-management has been reduced to a discarded past – treated either with derision or neglect, framed as a relic or warning. Both frameworks have served to limit, rather than expand, critical engagement with what self-management actually was, how it functioned, and what it meant to those who experienced it.
This exhibition seeks to challenge both the Titoist and post-Titoist memory regimes. Drawing on extensive archival material – much of it made accessible to the public for the first time – Factories to the Workers? offers a space for reappraisal. Developed in partnership with the Archives of Yugoslavia and supported by a grant from the University of Glasgow’s Division of Politics and International Studies, the exhibition presents materials from a wide range of collections, including:
Cabinet of the President of the Republic (837)
Office of the Marshal of Yugoslavia (836)
League of Communists of Yugoslavia (507)
Economic Council of the FPRY (40)
Federation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (117)
Antifascist Women’s Front of Yugoslavia (141)
League of Women’s Societies of Yugoslavia (354)
These sources – from workers’ council minutes and government reports to protest slogans and media representations, accessed in part through selected newspapers in the Archives’ library – reveal a complex system that defies the simplified myths that have characterised it in so much of the public narrative during the Titoist era and after. They also showcase the differing perspectives within the party-state apparatus itself: from nuanced self-critique to fiery self-defence against both internal and external, real or imagined enemies of the “Yugoslav road to socialism”. Thus the archival sources reflect not only how the party-state imagined, narrated, and conducted self-management, but also how it was contested, adapted, and subverted by those subject to it.
Rather than offering a definitive account, the exhibition invites reflection on the diverse and often contradictory realities of self-management. It asks how power operated in its name, how people understood their roles within it, and, implicitly, how its memory has been shaped – and reshaped – over time. In doing so, it also opens space for a reconsideration of how we write history, but also how we shape society.
Each section includes curated archival selections and recommended secondary readings to encourage further research. By foregrounding the diversity of perspectives and the instability of dominant narratives, Factories to the Workers? seeks to inspire critical engagement with a past that continues to raise unresolved questions:
How far did factories ever belong to the workers? What role did self-management play in the rise and fall of the Second Yugoslavia? What are the legacies of self-management today – and who decides how it is remembered?